International Research and Academic scholar society

IRASS Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences

Issue-5(May), Volume-2 2025

1. Exploring the Lived Experiences of Teachers in Participatory Managemen...
10

Shenna Liz G. Sararaña* , Raml...
Department of Education, Philippines
1-6
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15321099

This study explored the impact of participatory management practices in schools, focusing on the experiences of teachers regarding their school heads' leadership styles. Participatory management, characterized by empowerment, shared decision-making, and stakeholder collaboration, had gained prominence as an effective approach to enhancing organizational effectiveness and fostering stronger relationships between employees and employers. However, challenges persisted in the true implementation of these practices, particularly in educational settings where school heads often failed to involve teachers in key decision-making processes. This research addressed the gap in understanding the influence of participatory management on teachers' behavior, morale, and overall effectiveness. Conducted in Cotabato Province, Philippines, the study employed a phenomenological research design, interviewing 15 teachers to gather insights into their lived experiences. The findings revealed three key themes: Teacher Empowerment, Shared Decision-Making, and Encouraging Stakeholder Collaboration, which highlighted the positive effects of participatory management on teachers' confidence, professional growth, and their active involvement in school improvement initiatives. The study emphasized the importance of inclusive leadership and collaborative decision-making in fostering a thriving educational environment.

2. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN C...
5

Nguyen Vo Nguyen Anh*
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City (USSH, VNUHCM)
7-10
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15321131

In the context of the strong fourth industrial revolution, Ca Mau province has determined that the digital transformation is a key task to promote sustainable socio -economic development. The province has issued many important policies such as Resolution 05-NQ/TU and Decision 1929/QD-UBND, set goals to 2025 basically completing digital areas, towards digital economy accounting for 20% GRDP in 2030. The outstanding result is Ca Mau's digital conversion index of 23 levels nationwide, with many achievements in deploying digital, digital and digital economy. The conversion of the whole political system, developing digital infrastructure, and applying information technology to management has brought practical benefits to people and businesses. However, Ca Mau still faces challenges such as inconsistent infrastructure, limited number of human resources and uneven social awareness. The article proposes a number of key solutions such as raising awareness, investing infrastructure, training human resources and streamlining the government apparatus to continue promoting the effectiveness of digital transformation, contributing to building a modern economy, civilized society and strong defense and security in digital era.

3. Effect of Leadership and Management Inefficiencies on Employee Motivat...
9

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Unicaf University (UUM), School of Doctoral Studies, Lilongwe, Malawi
11-18
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15337017

This research study examined the inefficiencies of leadership and management about the toxic triangle and its impact on the operations of Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and Refugee Led Organisations (RLOs) in Turkana. The study's objectives were to (i) define leadership, followers, and business environments of community-managed organisations in Turkana, (ii) evaluate how these organisations address elements of the toxic triangle, (iii) determine the extent to which organisational theory elements are utilised in their management, and (iv) assess the degree to which employee motivation and engagement are incorporated into the operations of CBOs and RLOs in Turkana. 10 organisations, comprising 5 CommunityBased Organisations (CBOs) and 5 Refugee Led Organisations (RLOs), along with 63 staff members and managers, were selected at random. The study revealed that the leadership and management competencies of managers in chosen organisations were constrained, as the majority possessed just technical abilities. The components of the toxic triangle and detrimental work environments are apparent among the surveyed CBOs and RLOs, attributed to insufficient organisational capabilities to motivate and engage personnel, absence of structured leadership and management systems, and inadequate resources to finance operations, including human resource development. The study emphasizes the need for investments in human resources to develop productive, competitive, and resilient employees. Key elements of employee motivation include commitment, connection, organizational culture, and communication. Enforcing these elements improves performance, promotes a pleasant work environment, and helps organizations achieve their goals. Managers and leaders play a crucial role in maintaining operational efficiency, while ethics in business delivery instills good morals. Training and open-door policies promote communication and adaptability.

4. The Contribution of Higher Educational Institutions towards the Entrep...
5

Shereen Ashraf* , Zainab Ali,...
MPhill in European Studies & Mass Communication
19-24
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362605

This study examined the role of higher education institutions (HEIs) in shaping entrepreneurial intention among female students in Pakistan through a qualitative research approach. Interviews were conducted with female graduating students from HEC-accredited universities in cities of Pakistan. Thematic analysis was carried out to examine the lived experiences, unveiling the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Findings show that universities offer career-focused courses, such as workshops and seminars, but lack structured entrepreneurial courses that provide hands-on exposure. Interviewees communicated that entrepreneurship is typically not emphasized in education courses, limiting their knowledge, confidence, and preparedness to engage in entrepreneurial projects. Students also identified cultural and institutional barriers, such as societal pressures and a deficiency of mentorship, as significant challenges. Comparisons of international models reveal that entrepreneurial initiatives and ecosystems played a significant role in entrepreneurial attitude, something which is lacking in Pakistan. Fulfilling such gaps through experiential education, mentorship, and facilitation from institutions can foster entrepreneurial intent among women students.

5. NATIONAL DEBT CRISIS IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYSIS OF DEPT MANAGEMENT OFFICE...
4

BERNARD MARY ENEH, Dr Tyodzer...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
25-32
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362642

The national debt crisis in Nigeria has become a critical concern, prompting inquiries regarding the country's fiscal sustainability, economic stability, and governance. The Debt Management Office (DMO)'s role in addressing Nigeria's increasing debt burden and the challenges of accountability and transparency in debt management is the focus of this study. Nigeria's debt profile has increased over time as a result of mismanagement of public funds, insufficient revenue generation, and excessive borrowing. Although the DMO was established to ensure effective debt administration, there are still concerns about the agency's capacity to maintain fiscal discipline, promote transparency, and ensure accountability in loan utilization. This paper evaluates the efficacy of the DMO in debt management by evaluating its policies, strategies, and the degree to which it is consistent with global best practices. It investigates the effects of Nigeria's debt crisis on social development, inflation, exchange rates, and economic growth. Additionally, it underscores governance concerns, such as the inadequate supervision of public funds, the misallocation of borrowed funds, and the restricted role of legislative bodies in the examination of debt agreements. The study contends that Nigeria's debt crisis cannot be resolved exclusively through debt restructuring; rather, it necessitates comprehensive fiscal reforms, enhanced revenue generation, and rigorous accountability measures. In order to mitigate the risks associated with increasing debt levels, it is imperative to enhance public participation in debt discussions, strengthen the DMO's autonomy, and enforce transparency mechanisms. The results emphasize the necessity of a sustainable debt management framework in Nigeria that promotes economic development and financial stability while ensuring fiscal responsibility.

6. Value Added Tax and Federalism in Nigeria: A Historical Overview, Acti...
3

DJEBAH, NICHOLAS EDIRIAVWORIAH...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
33-38
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362676

The discussion surrounding the Value-Added Tax (VAT) and federalism in Nigeria has ignited vigorous debate, particularly concerning the collection, administration, and distribution of funds among the three tiers of government. At its core, a conflict exists between centralised VAT administration and the principles of fiscal federalism, which provide states with financial autonomy. While the federal government controls VAT collection and redistribution through the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), a few states, especially Lagos and Rivers, argue for state-level administration, citing economic disparities and unfair revenue sharing. This study aims to examine the historical evolution of VAT in Nigeria, analyse its impact on federalism, identify key challenges, and explore the prospects for a reformed tax regime aligned with best governance practices. Using a qualitative research methodology, the study relies on secondary data from government reports, court rulings, tax laws, and comparative analysis of federal tax systems in other countries. Findings reveal that Nigeria’s centralised VAT system limits state fiscal independence, creates legal uncertainties, and affects business confidence due to multiple taxation risks. Furthermore, the study highlights the inequities in VAT revenue distribution, which disadvantage economically productive states. The study strongly recommends constitutional reforms that establish a dual VAT system, enabling both federal and state governments to impose and administer VAT within their respective jurisdictions. These reforms are urgently needed to enhance economic efficiency and national unity.

7. THE CONTRIBUTION OF NON-OIL REVNUE IN PREPARATION OF 2025 BUDGET OF NI...
2

VICTORIA VALTINA SUNDAY, Dr Ty...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
39-43
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362728

This paper examines the role of non-oil revenue in the preparation of Nigeria’s 2025 budget estimates. Nigeria, a country historically reliant on oil exports, faces the challenge of diversifying its economy to reduce dependency on oil revenue, especially as global oil prices fluctuate. The study analyzes the significance of non-oil revenue sources such as taxes, agriculture, telecommunications, and services, while highlighting their impact on Nigeria's fiscal policy, budgetary planning, and sustainable economic growth. Using a review of literature and fiscal data, this paper explores how non-oil revenue contributes to government budgets, suggesting ways to enhance its effectiveness in achieving the country's financial goals.

8. Supreme Court judgment and Local Government Autonomy: Utility of Local...
6

OMAR BARAATU USMAN, Dr Tyodzer...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
44-62
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362773

The quest for local government autonomy in Nigeria has been a recurring issue, which pre-date the country's political independence. The struggle has thrown up various reforms including the 1976 landmark reforms of the local government system in the country aimed at democratizing the local government administration. Despite the reform measures, the states have continued to maintain strong grip of control over local governments including arbitrary dissolution of elected local government councils by state fiat for varying political reasons. This unhealthy development has provoked the concern of this paper to examine the challenges of local government autonomy in the country and the implications for improved performance of local governments at the grassroots. The paper noted that state governments have exploited certain loopholes in the constitutional provisions regarding inter-governmental relations to undermine the autonomy of local governments. Thus, the paper recommended a review of the constitution to address the contradictions that gave room for the abuses by the state governments. This is to guarantee meaningful autonomy for the local governments in the conduct of their affairs through which they could be strengthened to respond effectively to the demands of effective and efficient services delivery at the local level. The thrust of the paper is that autonomy of the councils will ensure the local governments provide people-oriented programmes, which will enable the people at the grassroots to feel the impact of governance.

9. NNPC AND DANGOTE REFINERY PRICE WAR: IMPACT ON THE SUPPLY OF PREMIUM M...
13

IBRAHIM EBI HELEN, Dr Tyodzer...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
63-68
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362805

The nigerian petroleum sector is currently experiencing a significant shift, with intense competition between the nigerian national petroleum company limited (nnpc) and dangote refinery and petrochemical limited. This competitive struggle, often described as a price war, is reshaping the dynamics of premium motor spirit (pms) supply, distribution, and pricing within nigeria. Historically, nnpc controlled the importation and distribution of refined petroleum products, but the operational launch of dangote refinery has disrupted this longstanding structure. This paper explores the genesis of the price war, the strategies employed by both entities, the legal and economic implications, and how these developments are influencing pms availability and pricing in nigeria.

10. THE SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY AND ABOLITION...
6

DOMITILLA ONOSHIORENA DAVID-MA...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University of Nigeria, Bwari-Abuja
69-84
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362850

The Supreme Court’s landmark ruling of July 11, 2024, granting full financial autonomy to Nigeria’s 774 local government areas and abolishing the State-Local Government Joint Account, marks a pivotal moment in the nation’s governance and constitutional development. This decision aims to enhance grassroots development, fiscal federalism, and democratic accountability by eliminating longstanding state-level interference in local government finances. This study critically evaluates the ruling through a multidisciplinary lens, exploring the historical, legal, and political dimensions of local government autonomy. It examines the adverse effects of the joint account system, including fiscal mismanagement and underperformance in service delivery, and assesses how financial independence might transform governance outcomes across Nigeria’s geopolitical zones. Using a mixed-methods approach—comprising legal analysis, policy review, stakeholder interviews, and empirical data—the paper investigates local governments’ readiness for financial autonomy, institutional enforcement capacity, and evolving patterns of political accountability and service innovation. Findings highlight the transformative potential of the ruling but also expose key risks: limited administrative capacity, institutional corruption, weak internal controls, and resistance from some state actors. To address these, the study recommends the creation of a national fiscal framework, robust financial oversight, legal harmonization across government tiers, and targeted capacity-building for local administrators. In conclusion, while the Supreme Court’s decision lays the groundwork for decentralized governance, its success depends on sustained political will, institutional reform, and coordinated stakeholder action to build effective and transparent local governments.

11. School Environment, Student Learning Motivation, and Academic Achievem...
11

Basilius Redan Werang*, Anak A...
Ganesha University of Education, Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
85-91
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15362885

Objective: This study examines how the learning environment and students’ learning motivation impact academic achievement among the state junior high school students in Merauke District, Southern Papua Province, Indonesia, with a specific focus on Indonesian Language Subjects. Method: Utilizing a quantitative approach and employing a survey research design, data were collected from 335 students across various state junior high schools. Gathered data were subjected to a rigorous statistical analysis using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Findings: The findings show that school environment and learning motivation impact significantly positively the academic achievement of the state junior high school students in Indonesian Language Subjects, both partially and simultaneously. Implication for Practice and Research: The findings underscore the pivotal role of a conducive learning environment and heightened student motivation in bolstering academic achievement. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights to educators and policymakers, highlighting the importance of creating supportive learning environments and implementing strategies to enhance student motivation, ultimately leading to improved academic outcomes in the Indonesian educational context.

12. Social Media Engagement as a Correlate of Entrepreneurial Intentions o...
6

Ezeonwumelu Victor Ugochukwu*...
Department of Educational Foundations, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
92-97
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15397148

This study detemined the association between social media engagement measured through communication, information sharing, and networking—on the entrepreneurial intentions of university undergraduates in Anambra State, Nigeria. Using a correlational research design, data were collected from 1,897 students across Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University via a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was considered reliable as Cronbach Alpha analysis revealed coefficients of .81; .76; and .89, for the three clusters of the questionnaire. Pearson PPMC and Simple Linear Regression analyses were conducted. Results indicated a strong positive relationship between social media communication and entrepreneurial intentions (r = 0.714, p < 0.05), with regression confirming a significant predictive influence (β = 0.714, p = 0.000). Information sharing (r = 0.532, β = 0.532, p = 0.000) and networking (r = 0.563, β = 0.563, p = 0.000) also showed moderate yet statistically significant predictive effects on the students' entrepreneurial intentions. The researchers concluded that active engagement on social media—particularly through communication—has a significant impact on how students develop their business goals. Recommendations include integrating digital entrepreneurship training, fostering mentorship via social platforms, and providing subsidised internet access to enhance students' entrepreneurial intentions.

13. EXPLORING TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE LEADERSHIP P...
2

Hamedi B. Kumaka, EdD* , Harri...
Doctor Of Education, Educational Management, Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology
98-111
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15397221

This study aimed to examine the impact of culturally responsive leadership on teacher retention intentions and student inclusivity in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), focusing specifically on the division of the Special Geographic Area (SGA). A mixed-method research design with an exploratory sequential approach was employed, consisting of qualitative interviews with 20 senior teachers and a subsequent quantitative survey of 321 teachers. The study identified key themes through interviews, which were used to develop a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using thematic coding, correlation, and regression techniques to assess the relationship between leadership practices, teacher retention, and student inclusivity. In the qualitative phase, teachers identified three central themes related to culturally responsive leadership: inclusivity and cultural respect, equitable and supportive environments, and empowered cultural collaboration and communication. These practices were seen to foster a supportive school climate, promote cultural expression, and enhance mutual respect. The quantitative phase confirmed that teachers perceived leadership practices, particularly cultural collaboration and equity, as significantly impacting teacher retention and student inclusivity. The study found a strong correlation between these leadership practices and positive outcomes in teacher job satisfaction and student participation, with cultural collaboration being a strong predictor. The study's conclusions highlighted the importance of culturally responsive leadership in fostering a sense of belonging, trust, and collaboration within the school community. It was determined that sustaining these practices is essential for improving both teacher retention and student inclusivity. A comprehensive policy brief was developed and verified from stakeholders to support the continued institutionalization of inclusive leadership practices, including the implementation of professional development programs, the embedding of inclusivity in school structures, and the provision of resources to support diversity.

14. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING STRATEGY AS A PREDICATOR OF MALE AND FEMALE STUD...
8

Muogbo Uchenna Favour* , Okafo...
Department of Science Education, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria
112-116
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15420874

This study examined the effectiveness of experiential learning strategy as a predicator of male and female students’ interest in computer studies in Nnewi Education Zone, Anambra State. A quasi-experimental research design was employed. The sample size consisted of One Hundred and Nine (109)) Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) students, 48 Males 61female students selected from two intact classes randomly drawn from two co-educational schools in the zone. One school was assigned to the experimental group, which received instruction in Microsoft Word using the experiential learning strategy, while the other served as the control group and was taught the same content using the conventional lecture method. The study was guided by research questions and two null hypotheses. Data were collected using a researcherdeveloped instrument titled Computer Studies Interest Scale (CSIS). The reliability of the CSIS was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.89, indicating high internal consistency. Data analysis involved the use of mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings from the study revealed that the experiential learning strategy is not gender-biased. Its hands-on, student-centered approach provides both male and female students with equal opportunities to engage in self-motivated and self-directed learning, thereby enhancing their interest in computer studies.

15. A case study of “Taare Zameen Par”: Every Child is Special
7

Lim Mei Wei*
Faculty of Education, Open University Malaysia
117-128
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15420882

The paper evaluates knowledge and capabilities in educational psychology by analyzing the film Taare Zameen Par. It focuses on individual differences among learners, comparing behaviorism and constructivism through Ishaan‘s experiences. The film highlights the importance of accommodating diverse learning styles to promote classroom performance and student well-being. It discusses Ram Nikumbh‘s use of Gardner‘s Multiple Intelligences Theory and examines the impact of different teaching methodologies on motivation and engagement. The paper poses four research questions regarding the effectiveness of these approaches in enhancing learning outcomes for students with differences.

16. NEW-REFORMS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE (2000–2024) AN EVALUATION OF IPPIS, M...
7

Christine Omole, Tyodzer Patri...
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University Abuja
129-138
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15473131

This paper investigates new reform efforts within the Nigerian civil service from 2000 to 2024, focusing on the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), monetization of fringe benefits, and the sale of government-owned properties. These reforms were aimed at curbing corruption, reducing costs, and improving transparency. Drawing on scholarly articles, particularly those on ResearchGate and the works of Patrick T. Pillah, this paper explores the disconnect between policy intentions and outcomes. It employs qualitative methodology and policy evaluation frameworks to determine the effectiveness of these initiatives. Findings indicate a pattern of partial implementation, institutional resistance, and fiscal leakage. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening reform execution, enhancing transparency, and fostering a more accountable civil service.

17. Organisational impediments hindering the smooth delivery of classrooma...
8

Wilson Banda* , Symporosa Remb...
Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Zimbabwe
139-146
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15493333

The study was part of a larger investigation on implementing classroom action research in Zimbabwean teacher education colleges. The study sought to unravel overarching impediments hindering the development of action research skills and competencies in the identified institutions. The research impetus was that despite teacher research being embraced by curriculum change literature as a pivotal ingredient of initial teacher education and development, globally, the Zimbabwean situation pointed to the contrary in implementation. The study was a between-methods concurrent triangulation design that utilised the mixed-methods approach. A purposive sample of 64 teacher educators and 76 preservice teachers was utilised. Data were collected through multiple instruments: semi-structured questionnaires, document analysis, focus group discussions and interviews. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. It emerged from the study that the delivery of the research process was tainted with a plethora of organisational impediments that needed intervention by all educational stakeholders.

18. FEMINISM AND THE QUESTION OF THE CULTURE OF WAR
5

Bruno Yammeluan IKULI, PhD*
Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Federal University Otuoke, P.M.B. 127, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
147-152
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15512188

The paper aimed at assessing the contemporary values of the human person, especially as a women in the midst of the contemporary valuations of conflicts and wars as a means of development. It is about the feminist-ethical conception and evaluation of the operational practice of the imposing Culture of War as against the Culture of Peace, and how it is effecting the development of the womenfolk. It recognized that ethics has being for the operational values of the human persons as subjects of lived experiences based on the choices we make. This has being for the promotion, protection and respect for the fundamental human rights, especially the right to life, which gives a firmed foundation for other rights for the sustainability of the society in harmony, peace, equity and justice. The paper recognized that these qualities of living in any given society cannot be promoted by the Culture of War. As such, the feminist ethicists with the contemporary feminist movements and interests to reposition the womenfolk in relation to the sustainability of the whole human race; advocate for possible eradication of the Culture of War in every society as practiced by the governments of the nations. Adopting phenomenological method of analysis, the paper concluded that the feminist ethicists recognized that the society can be more peaceful and orderly when the lives and values of women in reference to the valuation of all lives, and learn the justice and the values of the society are dependable on the values such society has on the women as subjects of lived experiences.

19. THE ROLE OF LOCAL POLITICAL SCHOOLS IN THE PROCESS OF POLICY DEVELOPME...
4

Phan Van Bang* , Nguyen Thi Le...
Binh Duong Provincial School of Politics
153-156
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520820

The article analyzes the role of local political schools in the process of policy development, taking Binh Duong as a case of research. The Political School is identified as a specific educational institution that is responsible for training cadres and civil servants in the field of politics, state management and social organizations. With the rapid economic development and increasing requirements for the quality of human resources, the Political School in Binh Duong has made an important contribution to improving the capacity of managers through providing theoretical and practical knowledge. The article stated that the political school not only has the training function but also plays an important role in improving the quality of public policies. The school helps students develop critical thinking, improve planning skills and implement policies, thereby improving the efficiency of state management. On the other hand, the school also encourages the relationship between the State and the community, contributing to creating social consensus and people's beliefs in the political system. In order to maximize the role of the Political School, it is necessary to take measures to improve the training program, improve the quality of teaching and create close coordination mechanisms among state management agencies. The drawback of the article is not yet given and analyzed the impact factors and solutions to promote the role of local political schools in the process of policy development in the current period.

20. THE IMPACT OF THE NATIONAL COLLEGE FOR EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP (NCEL) T...
6

Karla Boswell Lewis*
Under the Guidance of Disraeli Hutton
157-183
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15554476

The purpose of this quantitative study was to ascertain the characteristics of NCEL training programmes that make it an effective institution for developing school leadership. It also sought to assess whether there are significant differences in the scores of the composite dependent variables based on level employment, years being a teacher, years working with principal and overall tenure of principal. The sample was purposively selected to take part in the study consisted of 13 principals and 193 (206). Data collection instrument used to collect data for this study was the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) instrument developed by Phillip Hallinger consisting of 50 behavioralstatementsthatdescribeprincipaljobpracticesandbehaviors using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using the MANOVA through the application of the SPSS software version 27. The findings revealed that there are no statistically significant differences in the scores of the composite dependent variables based on level of employment, years being a teacher, years working with principal. It was recommended that future research be conducted by collecting data from multiple stakeholders such students, parents, education officers or peers.





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